Hydrogen gives only four colours of visible light. The reason lies on a ladder of energy inside the atom, and you can climb it with a pencil.
Balmer and Rydberg formulas, Bohr's energy levels E = −13.6 eV/n², emission and absorption, the hydrogen series and ionisation energy, worked step by step.
Marie Curie
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November 8, 2026
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26 min
The rays of uranium told me that atoms have an inside. Here we open one: the electron, the nucleus, protons, neutrons, and the isotopes that solved chlorine's odd weight.
Learn electrons, the nucleus, protons and neutrons, read isotope symbols, count particles in ions, and calculate average atomic mass from isotopes.
Marie Curie
·
November 8, 2026
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33 min